LE DOMAINE DE L'ENONCE

A - L'ENONCE

a) La mise en relation sujet / prédicat.

Tom speaks English / Tom could speak two languages.

Tom has washed Betty's car. / The train is leaving soon.

b) La mise en question de la relation sujet / prédicat.

Does he speak English ? / Could he speak two languages ?

Has he washed his car ? / Is the train leaving soon ?

c) La négation de la relation sujet / prédicat.

He doesn't speak English.  / He couldn't speak English.

He hasn't washed Betty's car. /The train isn't leaving soon.

d) La confirmation, le renforcement (énoncé "emphatique" avec Do-Did)

I do know what you're talking about. ( Je sais très bien...)

He said it would rain and it did rain. (... et il a effectivement plu)

e) Mise en question d'un ou plusieurs éléments de l'énoncé.

Who speaks English ? / How many languages could he speak?

Whose car has he washed ? / When is the train leaving ?

B - L'ENONCE COMPLEXE

1. complexification par emploi des connecteurs

a) Les connecteurs Ø et "THAT":

- connecteur Ø :

I know you are hungry.  / She told me she had posted the letter.

I thought you would like it.

-THAT permet le passage du style direct au style indirect avec des verbes comme SAY, TELL, CLAIM...

b) Connecteurs à sens plein :

He will marry her AFTER she finishes school.

She gets up at 7 AND has her breakfast at 8.

AS you were late we started dinner without you.

He jumped out of the window AS the police came in - ("AS" établit un lien causal ou temporel)

You speak AS IF you were twenty. - ('AS" présente une hypothèse introduite au moyen de "IF")

I'll phone her AS SOON AS I have finished my work.

I didn't buy any caviar BECAUSE it was too expensive.

He left BEFORE the game was over.

I've bought this book BUT I' ve never read it.

The game had to be stopped FOR it was raining.

I don't know HOW to say in English.

She wants to know HOW he is. (Question indirecte)

We can go skiing lF you like.

To be OR not to be, that is the question.

Stop it OR you'll regret it. (sinon)

I have lived in London SINCE I was five. (J'habite Londres depuis l'âge de cinq ans)

I'II do it SINCE it is my duty. (Je le ferai puisque c'est mon devoir.)

My parents were late SO I went back home on foot. - ("SO" tire la conséquence de ce qui précède)

He decided to do it THOUGH it was very dangerous.

You won't leave school UNTIL you pass your exam.

Do not go out UNLESS instructed to do so.

They never listen WHEN I speak to them.

I'll tell them WHEN I arrive.

I didn't know WHERE to go.

I don't know WHETHER they're coming.

He broke his leg WHILE they were playing football.

They couldn't understand WHY she left home.

2. Complexification par adjonction de relative

Etoffement du nom ou du groupe nominal.

a. Opérateurs principaux :

 
- les relatives déterminatives déterminent l'antécédent :

The man who had stolen the bicycle was arrested.

- les relatives appositives permettent à l'énonciateur d'ajouter un commentaire à propos de l'antécédent. Il y a souvent une virgule après cet antécédent.

My mother ,who sleeps in the room below, heard nothing.

My brother, whom you met at the party, has left school.

b. Possiblité d'omission du pronom lorsqu'il est complément d'objet :

Is this the man you know ?
I liked the meat we had for lunch.
c. Deux constructions lorsque le pronom est complément prépositionnel :

I love the village we live in.

I love the village in which we live.
d.  WHERE, WHY, WHEN pronoms relatifs :

The village where I was born is very small.

That is the reason why I am here.
Autumn is the season when you should visit Spain.
e. WHAT cataphorique annonce la suite de l'énoncé :

What you said is very interesting.
l don't understand what you are saying.

f. WHICH anaphorique reprend une proposition entière :

He gave me a lift, which was very kind of him.

She left her money at home, which was silly.

3. Complexification par nomination

a) nominalisation en FOR

- L'opérateur FOR permet de construire des groupes nominaux complexes à fonction sujet.

Avec FOR le groupe nominal (GN) ne comporte pas de verbe conjugué :
It is easy for him to learn another language.
                         (GN sujet postposé)

b) Nominalisation en TO

She was the last person to see him alive.
                           (GN)

I had three letters to type.
                   (GN)

c) Nominalisation en -ING

- ING peut servir à fabriquer des noms plus ou moins complexes qui peuvent être sujet ou complément.
- Sujet :

Learning foreign languages is my hobby.
                (GN)

Smoking in pubIic places is forbidden.
              (GN)

- Complément :

I don't mind your being here.
                         (GN)

I hate being told what to do.

                (GN)

4. Complexification par adjonction de verbe

a) V1 Ø V2

He made me cry.                              /                                   Let me go

Verbe1        Verbe2                                                         Verbe1   Verbe 2

The customs-officer made me open my suitcase.

                               Verbe1    Verbe2

apparition de TO au passif : I was made to open my suitcase.
We had the car washed.                                                            John had his son wash the car.

    Verbe1          Verbe2                                                                   Verbe 1         Verbe 2

I won't let him drive my car

    Verbe 1    Verbe 2

b) V1 TO V2

She began to work as soon as she arrived.

      Verbe 1 to Verbe2

I'd like to learn English.

 Verbe1 to Verbe2

c) V1 V2 -ING

He stopped smoking.

      Verbe 1 verbe 2-ING

Do you mind giving me a lift ?

     Verbe 1    Verbe 2-ING

d) V1 PRÉPOSITION V-ING

I'm Looking forward to meeting you.

You should work instead of watching TV.